Power Tools 1993 October

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ááááááCooperative Computing Through Open Systems áááááá******* ááááááS01.GAL áááááá******* ..pictureA:\NETWORK\S01.GAL,65535,49151,7,44,13, ááááááThσ objectivσ oµ networkinτ i≤ t∩ providσ ß mechanisφ fo≥ acces≤ ì ááááááanΣ manipulatioε oµ information« Thi≤ informatioε i≤ typicall∙ ì áááááádisperseΣ acros≤ multiplσ locations¼ iε multiplσ hosts¼ madσ b∙ ß ì áááááávariety of computer vendors. ááááááInformation¼ fo≥ design¼ purchasing¼ manufacturing¼ sale≤ anΣ ì ááááááaccountinτ purposes¼ need≤ t∩ bσ accesseΣ b∙ enΣ users¼ a≤ wel∞ a≤ ì ááááááb∙ interdependen⌠ applications« Resources¼ sucΦ a≤ computinτ powe≥ ì ááááááanΣ printinτ facilitie≤ mus⌠ bσ shareable¼ scalable¼ anΣ widel∙ ì ááááááaccessible. áááááá┴ trul∙ opeε anΣ cooperativσ computinτ systeφ provide≤ transparen⌠ ì ááááááacces≤ t∩ thi≤ information« Iε addition¼ seamles≤ integratioε oµ ì ááááááresource≤ enablσ enΣ user≤ anΣ application≤ t∩ sharσ thσ availablσ ì ááááááresources. .PA ááááááBenefit≤ Oµ Cooperativσ Computinτ ThrougΦ Opeε System≤ ì áááááá******* ááááááS02.GAL áááááá******* ..pictureA:\NETWORK\S02.GAL,65535,49151,7,44,13, ááááááNumerou≤ benefit≤ arσ provideΣ b∙ cooperativσ computinτ througΦ ì ááááááopen systems, technical as well as financial. áááááá┴ majo≥ benefi⌠ i≤ flexibility¼ thσ capabilit∙ t∩ optimizσ ì ááááááthσ usσ oµ availablσ resources« ShareΣ resource≤ tha⌠ arσ ì áááááátransparentl∙ accessiblσ reducσ thσ overal∞ cos⌠ oµ ß systeφ b∙ ì áááááálimiting the use of duplicated, and often idle, resources. ááááááThσ basiπ technolog∙ enablinτ thi≤ flexibilit∙ i≤ ß client/serve≥ ì ááááááarchitecture« ShareΣ resource≤ arσ locateΣ iε servers¼ dedicateΣ ì ááááááresource≤ ac⌠ a≤ client≤ oµ thσ servers« Thσ networδ provide≤ thσ ì ááááááinfrastructure supporting the architecture. ááááááInteroperabilit∙ betweeε client≤ anΣ server≤ i≤ guaranteeΣ b∙ ì ááááááadherencσ t∩ standards« Commoε networkinτ protocol≤ enablσ ì áááááátransparent communications. ááááááMoves¼ adds¼ anΣ change≤ t∩ thσ systeφ arσ handleΣ b∙ scalablσ ì ááááááresources« Movinτ aε applicatioε t∩ ß large≥ o≥ smalle≥ system¼ ì ááááááfroφ ß differen⌠ vendor¼ implie≤ eas∙ portabilit∙ oµ software« Thi≤ ì áááááái≤ enableΣ b∙ thσ usσ oµ standardizeΣ applicatioε programminτ ì ááááááinterface≤ (APIs)« API≤ providσ softwarσ developer≤ witΦ commoε ì ááááááenvironment≤ fo≥ applicatioε integration¼ allowinτ application≤ t∩ ì áááááábe moved from one system to another with minimum effort. ááááááShareΣ informatioε anΣ resource≤ arσ beneficia∞ t∩ ß busines≤ onl∙ ì ááááááiµ reliabl∙ available« ┴ networkeΣ systeφ need≤ carefu∞ managemen⌠ ì áááááát∩ enhancσ productivity« CentralizeΣ anΣ distributeΣ managemen⌠ ì áááááácapabilitie≤ arσ par⌠ oµ an∙ opeε cooperativσ computinτ system« Aε ì ááááááintegrateΣ managemen⌠ systeφ provide≤ geographical¼ resource¼ anΣ ì ááááááapplications management, maximizing network uptime. .PA ááááááNetwork Investment Protection áááááá******* ááááááS03.GAL áááááá******* ..pictureA:\NETWORK\S03.GAL,65535,49151,7,44,13, ááááááWhilσ cooperativσ computinτ undoubtedl∙ offer≤ grea⌠ benefit≤ ove≥ ì ááááááexistinτ environments¼ therσ stil∞ i≤ ß largσ numbe≥ oµ existinτ ì áááááásystem≤ installed« Thesσ existinτ system≤ neeΣ t∩ becomσ integrateΣ ì ááááááwitΦ thσ futurσ networkeΣ system≤ necessar∙ fo≥ open¼ cooperativσ ì áááááácomputing. ááááááHewlett-PackarΣ i≤ committeΣ t∩ protectinτ thσ investment≤ ì áááááápreviousl∙ made¼ s∩ tha⌠ today'≤ environmen⌠ wil∞ stil∞ bσ viablσ ì áááááátomorrow. ááááááA⌠ thσ samσ time¼ majo≥ effort≤ arσ unde≥ wa∙ t∩ rapidl∙ deplo∙ ne≈ ì áááááátechnologies¼ allowinτ thσ realizatioε oµ ß trul∙ open¼ cooperativσ ì áááááácomputing environment to occur sooner. .PA ááááááCooperative Computing Environments áááááá******* ááááááSO4.GAL áááááá******* ..pictureA:\NETWORK\S04.GAL,65535,49151,7,44,13, ááááááTherσ arσ fou≥ ke∙ area≤ oµ functionalit∙ withiε aε open¼ ì áááááácooperativσ computinτ environment« Tw∩ area≤ dea∞ witΦ thσ acces≤ ì áááááát∩ information¼ anΣ arσ primaril∙ supportinτ transactioε oriented¼ ì ááááááadministrativσ applications« Tw∩ area≤ dea∞ witΦ decisioε suppor⌠ ì ááááááapplications for so called "knowledge worker" environments. ááááááBasiπ connectivit∙ provide≤ terminal≤ anΣ deskto≡ computer≤ witΦ ì ááááááacces≤ t∩ loca∞ anΣ remotσ hosts« Termina∞ emulatioε protocol≤ ì áááááácombineΣ witΦ hub≤ anΣ DTC≤ providσ thσ basiπ buildinτ block≤ oµ ì ááááááthe networked environment. ááááááEnhanceΣ connectivit∙ enablσ acces≤ t∩ multiplσ source≤ oµ ì áááááádistributeΣ data« Iε ß globa∞ acces≤ environemn⌠ LAN≤ arσ ì áááááágeographicall∙ extended¼ multiplyinτ thσ accessiblσ datß anΣ ì ááááááresources« Client≤ arσ n∩ longe≥ limiteΣ b∙ physica∞ distance≤ t∩ ì ááááááthσ servers« ┴ globa∞ acces≤ infrastructurσ i≤ developed¼ ì áááááásupported by network and systems management. ááááááNetworδ operatinτ system≤ integratσ deskto≡ computer≤ int∩ ß loca∞ ì ááááááareß network¼ makinτ thσ desktop≤ client≤ oµ thσ serve≥ hosts« ì ááááááShareΣ resources¼ sucΦ a≤ printer≤ anΣ othe≥ peripherals¼ combinσ ì ááááááwitΦ standarΣ use≥ interface≤ anΣ networδ operatinτ system≤ t∩ forφ ì ááááááthe resource sharing environment. ááááááCooperatinτ application≤ requirσ integratioε oµ servers« Client≤ ì ááááááarσ applications¼ a≤ wel∞ a≤ enΣ users« Aε interdependen⌠ wholσ i≤ ì áááááádeveloped¼ allowinτ processe≤ t∩ communicatσ b∙ sharinτ ì ááááááinformation¼ automaticall∙ conduc⌠ transactions¼ thu≤ increasinτ ì ááááááthσ powe≥ oµ thσ networkeΣ system« Cooperatinτ application≤ enablσ ì áááááásignifican⌠ increase≤ iε productivity¼ drivinτ thσ overal∞ cos⌠ oµ ì ááááááownership down. .PA ááááááHost Access áááááá******* ááááááS05.GAL áááááá******* ..pictureA:\NETWORK\S05.GAL,65535,49151,7,44,13, ááááááIε thi≤ phase¼ acces≤ t∩ thσ processinτ powe≥ oµ loca∞ anΣ remotσ ì ááááááhost≤ i≤ thσ key« Terminal≤ arσ attacheΣ t∩ loca∞ server≤ througΦ ì áááááádatß termina∞ controllers¼ remotσ host≤ arσ linkeΣ viß modems« ì ááááááDeskto≡ computers¼ sucΦ a≤ PC≤ anΣ workstation≤ acces≤ host≤ ì ááááááthrough terminal emulation. ááááááPeriphera∞ resource≤ arσ centralized¼ anΣ attacheΣ t∩ host≤ only« ì ááááááAcces≤ i≤ alloweΣ oε ß timσ sharinτ basis¼ controlleΣ b∙ thσ host« ì ááááááLoca∞ processinτ powe≥ exist≤ a⌠ thσ deskto≡ level¼ bu⌠ n∩ sharinτ ì ááááááof data occurs. .PA ááááááHost Access Environment áááááá******* ááááááS06.GAL áááááá******* ..pictureA:\NETWORK\S06.GAL,65535,49151,7,44,13, ááááááT∩ thσ enΣ user¼ applicatioε acces≤ i≤ possible¼ bu⌠ cumbersome« I⌠ ì áááááái≤ necessar∙ t∩ kno≈ thσ locatioε oµ datß anΣ applications¼ a≤ wel∞ ì ááááááa≤ thσ mean≤ oµ accessinτ it« Elaboratσ log-oε procedure≤ ì áááááápredominate¼ anΣ productivit∙ i≤ highl∙ dependen⌠ oε thσ managemen⌠ ì ááááááof the centralized resources. áááááá┴ typica∞ applicatioε examplσ woulΣ bσ aε electroniπ mai∞ system¼ ì áááááásucΦ a≤ H╨ DeskManager« Thσ applicatioε reside≤ oε ß loca∞ o≥ ì ááááááremotσ host¼ bu⌠ i≤ accessiblσ froφ terminal≤ anΣ desktop≤ alike« ì .PA ááááááGlobal Access áááááá******* ááááááS07.GAL áááááá******* ..pictureA:\NETWORK\S07.GAL,65535,49151,7,44,13, ááááááBuildinτ upoε thσ previou≤ stage¼ thσ extendeΣ LA╬ enable≤ multiplσ ì ááááááloca∞ environment≤ t∩ bσ integrateΣ a≤ ß singlσ whole« Datß tha⌠ ì ááááááwa≤ previousl∙ stored¼ anΣ forwardeΣ a⌠ ß late≥ morσ convenien⌠ ì áááááátime¼ caε no≈ bσ interactivel∙ manipulateΣ withou⌠ geographica∞ ì ááááááconstraints. ááááááThσ tota∞ powe≥ oµ thσ networkeΣ system≤ i≤ greatl∙ enhanceΣ a≤ ì áááááámorσ resource≤ becomσ availablσ t∩ thσ enΣ users¼ anΣ thei≥ ì ááááááapplications« Moves¼ additions¼ anΣ change≤ t∩ thσ networkeΣ systeφ ì áááááánecessitatσ ß scalabilit∙ oµ computinτ platforms« Thi≤ iε turε ì áááááárequire≤ eas∙ portabilit∙ oµ applications« Thσ networkeΣ systeφ ì ááááááals∩ need≤ t∩ bσ carefull∙ managed¼ t∩ avoiΣ bottleneck≤ anΣ ì ááááááunnecessary downtime. ááááááThσ ke∙ enabler≤ arσ no≈ pu⌠ iε place║ thσ communication≤ ì ááááááinfrastructurσ consistinτ oµ bridges¼ routers¼ modems¼ anΣ thσ ì ááááááassociateΣ remotσ acces≤ points« StandardizeΣ applicatioε ì ááááááprogramminτ interface≤ ensure≤ eas∙ portabilit∙ oµ application≤ t∩ ì ááááááalternativσ systems« ┴ geographica∞ anΣ resourcσ vie≈ oµ thσ ì áááááánetworδ i≤ necessar∙ t∩ correctl∙ balancσ thσ utilizatioε oµ ì ááááááresources in a dynamic environment. ááááááIncrementa∞ development≤ durinτ thi≤ phasσ emphasizσ addition≤ oµ ì áááááábandwidth¼ increaseΣ networδ throughput¼ anΣ additiona∞ ì ááááááapplications. .PA ááááááGlobal Access Environment áááááá******* ááááááS08.GAL áááááá******* ..pictureA:\NETWORK\S08.GAL,65535,49151,7,44,13, ááááááSeeε froφ thσ end-use≥ perspective¼ ß fe≈ thing≤ havσ changeΣ froφ ì ááááááthσ previou≤ stage« Interactivσ acces≤ t∩ externa∞ datß i≤ no≈ ì áááááápossible« Domestiπ sale≤ number≤ caε bσ accesseΣ simultaneousl∙ ì ááááááwitΦ internationa∞ data« Onlinσ networδ managemen⌠ capabilitie≤ ì ááááááprovidσ possibilitie≤ t∩ routσ networδ traffiπ iε aε controlleΣ anΣ ì ááááááefficient manner. áááááá┴ multitudσ oµ application≤ caε bσ accesseΣ anΣ increaseΣ volume≤ ì ááááááoµ datß caε bσ manipulated« Geograph∙ i≤ n∩ longe≥ ß restriction« ì .PA ááááááResource Sharing áááááá******* ááááááS09.GAL áááááá******* ..pictureA:\NETWORK\S09.GAL,65535,49151,7,44,13, ááááááPhysically¼ resource≤ iε ß LA╬ environmen⌠ arσ distributeΣ ove≥ ß ì áááááálimiteΣ geographica∞ area« ┴ workgrou≡ witΦ individua∞ PC≤ caε ì áááááásharσ outpu⌠ througΦ nearb∙ printer≤ anΣ plotters¼ commonl∙ ì ááááááaccessible« MinΘ o≥ mainframσ server≤ providσ centralizeΣ storagσ ì ááááááoµ largσ volumσ data¼ a≤ wel∞ a≤ comple° applicatioε program≤ ì áááááárequirinτ externa∞ communication≤ facilities« Thσ networδ topolog∙ ì áááááádetermine≤ thσ usσ oµ enabler≤ sucΦ a≤ media¼ acces≤ methods¼ anΣ ì ááááááphysica∞ networδ components« Transparen⌠ acces≤ i≤ facilitateΣ b∙ ì ááááááthe introduction of common user interfaces. .PA ááááááResource Sharing Environment áááááá******* ááááááS10.GAL áááááá******* ..pictureA:\NETWORK\S10.GAL,65535,49151,7,44,13, ááááááThσ commoε use≥ interfacσ wil∞ typicall∙ providσ thσ capabilit∙ oµ ì áááááádisplayinτ multiplσ application≤ simultaneously« ┴ serve≥ ma∙ ì ááááááprovidσ acces≤ t∩ aε electroniπ mai∞ application¼ storinτ anΣ ì ááááááforwardinτ message≤ tha⌠ arσ displayeΣ iε onσ windo≈ oε thσ P├ ì ááááááscreen« Anothe≥ windo≈ display≤ ß spreadshee⌠ application¼ ì áááááádownloadeΣ froφ ß serve≥ seeε a≤ ß networkeΣ drive« ┴ thirΣ windo≈ ì áááááádisplay≤ locall∙ availablσ data¼ sucΦ a≤ sale≤ statistics¼ o≥ ì ááááááproduction numbers stored on a local disk drive. ááááááIε ß simplσ computinτ environment¼ thesσ application≤ ma∙ handlσ ì áááááámanua∞ transfe≥ oµ data¼ froφ loca∞ storagσ t∩ spreadshee⌠ ì ááááááapplication¼ anΣ furthe≥ oε t∩ thσ mai∞ system« Iε ß morσ ì áááááádevelopeΣ environment¼ use≥ agent≤ ma∙ handlσ sucΦ ß tasδ oε ß ì áááááápredetermined basis, requiring minimal end-user interaction. .PA ááááááCooperating Applications áááááá******* ááááááS11.GAL áááááá******* ..pictureA:\NETWORK\S11.GAL,65535,49151,7,44,13, ááááááThσ functionalit∙ previousl∙ pu⌠ iε place¼ durinτ stage≤ onσ anΣ ì áááááátwo¼ remaiε iε place« Stagσ threσ enhance≤ thσ capabilitie≤ oµ thσ ì áááááánetworked system through optimizing interdependence. ááááááThσ fina∞ stagσ achieve≤ thσ integratioε oµ servers« Datß i≤ ì áááááádistributeΣ acros≤ multiplσ servers¼ application≤ involvσ multiplσ ì áááááástagσ transaction≤ anΣ arσ likewisσ distributeΣ acros≤ servers« T∩ ì áááááároutσ transaction≤ anΣ data¼ applicatioε logiπ i≤ distributeΣ iε ß ì áááááásimilar manner. áááááá┴ trul∙ open¼ cooperativσ computinτ environmen⌠ ha≤ beeε achieved« ì .PA ááááááCooperating Applications Environment áááááá******** ááááááS12.GAL áááááá******* ..pictureA:\NETWORK\S12.GAL,65535,49151,7,44,13, ááááááT∩ thσ enΣ user¼ datß anΣ application≤ arσ no≈ completel∙ ì áááááátransparentl∙ accessible« Therσ i≤ n∩ neeΣ t∩ kno≈ wherσ datß i≤ ì áááááástored¼ ho≈ i⌠ i≤ stored¼ o≥ ho≈ t∩ acces≤ thσ data« Eveε ì áááááámanipulatioε oµ datß i≤ highl∙ automated¼ especiall∙ iε thσ casσ oµ ì áááááároutine tasks. ááááááThσ windowinτ environmen⌠ remains« Use≥ agent≤ handlσ mos⌠ oµ thσ ì ááááááapplicatioε work« DistributeΣ database≤ arσ seamlessl∙ integrateΣ ì ááááááthrougΦ equall∙ distributeΣ director∙ services« Remotσ procedurσ ì áááááácalls¼ transactioε processinτ monitors¼ anΣ protocol≤ handlσ thσ ì ááááááapplication logic, independent of specific end-user commands. .PA ááááááNetwork Architecture áááááá******* ááááááS13.GAL áááááá******* ..pictureA:\NETWORK\S13.GAL,65535,49151,7,44,13, ááááááThσ enablinτ technolog∙ behinΣ aε open¼ cooperativσ computinτ ì ááááááenvironmen⌠ i≤ bes⌠ describeΣ a≤ ß modula≥ architecture« Si° ì áááááábuilding blocks make up this model. ááááááA⌠ thσ base¼ thσ communication≤ infrastructurσ blocδ define≤ thσ ì ááááááavailablσ media¼ acces≤ methods¼ datß linδ protocols¼ anΣ thσ ì áááááácorresponding routing algorithms. ááááááAbovσ thσ infrastructure¼ transpor⌠ mechanism≤ handlσ task≤ sucΦ a≤ ì ááááááend-to-enΣ reliability¼ sessioε establishmen⌠ anΣ termination¼ ì áááááásyntax encoding, and the basics of applications integration. ááááááThσ service≤ blocδ define≤ wha⌠ functionalit∙ thσ networδ caε ì ááááááprovidσ thσ applications╗ virtua∞ termina∞ services¼ messaging¼ anΣ ì ááááááfilσ service≤ providσ basσ leve∞ capabilities« Director∙ service≤ ì ááááááanΣ interproces≤ communication≤ protocol≤ handlσ thσ morσ advanceΣ ì áááááácapabilities. ááááááThσ managemen⌠ blocδ interact≤ witΦ thσ previou≤ threσ blocks¼ t∩ ì ááááááprovidσ faul⌠ detection¼ isolation¼ anΣ correction¼ a≤ wel∞ a≤ ì ááááááoperations support mechanisms. ááááááSurroundinτ thesσ fou≥ blocks¼ anΣ shieldinτ thσ application≤ froφ ì ááááááthσ underlyinτ functionality¼ i≤ thσ applicatioε programminτ ì ááááááinterfacσ block« Thσ commoε API≤ enablσ standardizeΣ acces≤ t∩ ì ááááááeacΦ high-leve∞ service¼ a≤ wel∞ a≤ eacΦ underlyinτ leve∞ oµ ß ì áááááálayered protocol architecture. ááááááFinally¼ thσ application≤ blocδ residσ oε to≡ oµ thσ previousl∙ ì áááááámentioneΣ components¼ portablσ froφ onσ platforφ environmen⌠ t∩ ì ááááááanother, thanks to the common APIs. .PA ááááááCommunications Infrastructure áááááá******* ááááááS14.GAL áááááá******* ..pictureA:\NETWORK\S14.GAL,65535,49151,7,44,13, ááááááThσ basiπ component≤ oµ ß communication≤ infrastructurσ neeΣ t∩ ì ááááááhandlσ severa∞ tasks║ loca∞ areß networkinτ requirements¼ widσ areß ì áááááánetworδ requirements¼ multiplσ speeds¼ acces≤ methods¼ anΣ media« A⌠ ì ááááááß minimum¼ LAN≤ neeΣ t∩ bσ ablσ t∩ suppor⌠ IEE┼ 802.│ ì áááááánon-deterministiπ access¼ anΣ WAN≤ neeΣ t∩ suppor⌠ CCIT╘ X.2╡ packe⌠ ì ááááááswitching and T1 leased line access. ááááááIε addition¼ mos⌠ environment≤ requirσ high-speeΣ networking¼ sucΦ ì ááááááa≤ fibe≥ optiπ FDD╔ rings¼ anΣ thσ associateΣ link≤ t∩ LAN≤ througΦ ì ááááááT3 leased lines. ááááááFurthermore¼ connectivit∙ t∩ mainframσ environment≤ commonl∙ ì áááááárequirσ SDL├ support¼ a≤ wel∞ a≤ acces≤ t∩ mainframe/P├ ì ááááááenvironments based on Token Ring principles. ááááááISDN¼ no≈ prevalen⌠ iε Europσ anΣ gaininτ iε thσ U.S.¼ wil∞ enablσ ì ááááááapplication≤ sucΦ a≤ integrateΣ voice¼ fax¼ anΣ electroniπ mail« Aε ì ááááááexamplσ oµ thi≤ i≤ HP'≤ ApplieΣ ComputerizeΣ Telephon∙ solutioε ì ááááááwhich, today, provides for integration of voice and data. .PA ááááááTransport Mechanisms áááááá******* ááááááS15.GAL áááááá******* ..pictureA:\NETWORK\S15.GAL,65535,49151,7,44,13, ááááááTw∩ type≤ oµ standarΣ networkinτ transpor⌠ protocol≤ exist╗ dσ jurσ ì áááááástandard≤ arσ baseΣ oε adherencσ t∩ internationall∙ agreeΣ upoε ì áááááácommitteσ developments¼ dσ fact∩ standard≤ arσ baseΣ upoε ì ááááááindividua∞ development≤ submitteΣ t∩ thσ publiπ domain¼ o≥ oε ì áááááámarket presence by dominant vendors. ááááááDividinτ thσ curren⌠ offerinτ oµ dσ jurσ anΣ dσ fact∩ standard≤ ì ááááááinto three application areas we arrive at the following picture; ááááááP├ network≤ usσ dσ fact∩ standards¼ fo≥ lacδ oµ equivalen⌠ dσ jurσ ì áááááástandards« Dσ fact∩ standard≤ arσ typicall∙ SPX/IP¼ fo≥ Novel∞ ì ááááááNetWarσ systems¼ XN╙ exist≤ primaril∙ iε engineerinτ application≤ ì ááááááenvironments¼ anΣ TCP/I╨ primaril∙ exist≤ iε mixeΣ P├ anΣ LA╬ ì ááááááenvironments. ááááááLAN≤ typicall∙ usσ TCP/IP¼ o≥ t∩ somσ exten⌠ XN╙ a≤ thσ dominan⌠ ì áááááámultivendo≥ dσ fact∩ standards« Fo≥ IB═ environments¼ SN┴ i≤ ì ááááááobviousl∙ dominant« Thσ dσ jurσ protocol≤ arσ al∞ baseΣ oε Opeε ì ááááááSystem≤ Interconnectioε (OSI)¼ a≤ ß rapidl∙ emerginτ consensu≤ ì áááááásolution to network transport mechanisms. ááááááIε thσ widσ areß environment¼ TCP/I╨ anΣ SN┴ makσ u≡ thσ bulδ oµ ì áááááádσ fact∩ standards¼ agaiε witΦ aε emerginτ presencσ oµ dσ jurσ ì áááááástandards based on OSI. .PA ááááááNetwork Services áááááá******* ááááááS16.GAL áááááá******* ..pictureA:\NETWORK\S16.GAL,65535,49151,7,44,13, ááááááNetworδ Service≤ caε bσ defineΣ alonτ simila≥ lines¼ dσ jurσ anΣ ì áááááádσ facto« Aε additiona∞ dimensioε wil∞ classif∙ thei≥ complexity« ì ááááááStartinτ witΦ thσ basiπ services¼ virtua∞ termina∞ capabilitie≤ caε ì áááááábσ implementeΣ iε severa∞ ways¼ baseΣ oε thσ choicσ oµ underlyinτ ì áááááátransport mechanisms. ááááááIµ TCP/I╨ i≤ used¼ Telne⌠ i≤ thσ servicσ oµ choice« Iµ OS╔ i≤ used¼ ì ááááááVT╨ i≤ thσ correspondinτ service« Fo≥ IB═ environments¼ ß 327░ ì ááááááemulator will provide the virtual terminal services. ááááááMessaginτ anΣ filσ service≤ arσ divideΣ alonτ thσ samσ lines¼ a≤ ì ááááááarσ thσ morσ advanceΣ service≤ t∩ thσ fa≥ right║ director∙ service≤ ì ááááááand interprocess communications. ááááááThσ picturσ detail≤ HP'≤ curren⌠ anΣ near-terφ futurσ ì ááááááimplementations of network services. .PA ááááááOpenView Network Management áááááá******* ááááááS17.GAL áááááá******* ..pictureA:\NETWORK\S17.GAL,65535,49151,7,44,13, ááááááOpenVie≈ i≤ HP'≤ strateg∙ anΣ solution≤ fo≥ distributeΣ systeφ anΣ ì áááááánetworδ management« ManageΣ objects¼ sucΦ a≤ clients¼ servers¼ ì ááááááinstruments¼ peripherals¼ anΣ networδ component≤ feeΣ event≤ anΣ ì áááááástatistic≤ througΦ fivσ functiona∞ area≤ oµ management« Thσ ì áááááádistributeΣ managemen⌠ system≤ handle≤ performancσ faults¼ ì ááááááconfiguration¼ softwarσ distribution¼ accounting¼ anΣ billinτ ì ááááááissues« Variou≤ softwarσ modules¼ sucΦ a≤ HP'≤ GlancePlus¼ ì ááááááOpenSpool¼ anΣ NetLS¼ a≤ wel∞ a≤ IS╓ developeΣ softwarσ fo≥ ì ááááááconfiguration¼ accounting¼ anΣ billinτ usinτ HP'≤ OpenVie≈ Networδ ì ááááááManagemen⌠ tool≤ issuσ command≤ anΣ instruction≤ bacδ t∩ thσ ì áááááámanaged objects of the networked system. .PA ááááááApplication Programming Interfaces áááááá******* ááááááS18.GAL áááááá******* ..pictureA:\NETWORK\S18.GAL,65535,49151,7,44,13, ááááááAPI≤ arσ standardizeΣ way≤ oµ accessinτ ß service« Usinτ aε API¼ ì ááááááthσ applicatioε integrato≥ doe≤ no⌠ neeΣ t∩ kno≈ thσ intrinsic≤ oµ ì ááááááß service« Thσ AP╔ provide≤ ß se⌠ oµ commoε macr∩ command≤ tha⌠ aε ì ááááááapplicatioε caε usσ wheε accessinτ thσ service« Thσ AP╔ wil∞ ì áááááátranslatσ thσ giveε commanΣ int∩ ß languagσ acceptablσ t∩ thσ ì ááááááservice. ááááááB∙ adherinτ t∩ commoε standards¼ sucΦ a≤ thosσ agreeΣ upoε b∙ thσ ì áááááámember≤ anΣ follower≤ oµ thσ X/Opeε organization'≤ portabilit∙ ì ááááááguide≤ (XPGs)¼ application≤ ma∙ achievσ ß higΦ degreσ oµ ì ááááááportability« Iε othe≥ words¼ application≤ caε bσ developeΣ oε ì áááááásmall¼ dedicateΣ developmen⌠ engines¼ anΣ late≥ porteΣ ont∩ ì ááááááproduction systems from various vendors and in various scales. .PA ááááááNetwork Directions áááááá******* ááááááS19.GAL áááááá******* ..pictureA:\NETWORK\S19.GAL,65535,49151,7,44,13, ááááááThσ Hewlett-PackarΣ networkinτ strateg∙ fo≥ thσ futurσ i≤ baseΣ oε ì áááááási° pillars¼ addinτ t∩ thσ capabilitie≤ oµ thσ curren⌠ basσ oµ ì áááááátechnologies; áááááá∩ EnhanceΣ Communicatioε Service≤ providσ integrateΣ networkinτ ì ááááááservices in key areas of functionality. áááááá∩ DistributeΣ Managemen⌠ Service≤ handlσ event≤ anΣ statistica∞ ì ááááááinformation from managed objects in a networked system. áááááá∩ Applicatioε Programminτ Interface≤ shielΣ servicσ intrinsic≤ froφ ì ááááááend users and ensure portability of applications. áááááá∩ High-SpeeΣ Acces≤ technologie≤ enhancσ thσ functionalit∙ oµ thσ ì áááááácommunications infrastructure components. áááááá∩ Softwarσ Developmen⌠ Tool≤ aiΣ developer≤ oµ integrateΣ networkeΣ ì ááááááapplications. áááááá∩ Networδ Securit∙ protect≤ networkeΣ system≤ froφ unauthorizeΣ ì áááááámanipulation, and enhances reliability of the network itself. .PA ááááááEnhanced Communication Services áááááá******* ááááááS20.GAL áááááá******* ..picturea:\NETWORK\S20.GAL,65535,49151,7,44,13, ááááááThσ strategiπ directioε fo≥ enhanceΣ communicatioε service≤ caε bσ ì ááááááfounΣ iε threσ areas╗ messaging¼ transactioε processing¼ anΣ thσ ì ááááááDistributed Computing Environment. ááááááMessaginτ service≤ arσ provideΣ b∙ thσ X.40░ store-and-forwarΣ ì ááááááprotocol« EnhanceΣ addressinτ functionalit∙ i≤ provideΣ b∙ thσ ì ááááááX.50░ distributeΣ director∙ service≤ protocol« Oε to≡ oµ thσ X.40░ ì áááááástandard¼ tw∩ informatioε structure≤ arσ added║ Electroniπ Datß ì ááááááInterchangσ (EDI)¼ baseΣ oε thσ dσ jurσ EDIFAC╘ definition≤ anΣ ì ááááááOffice Document Architecture and Interchange Format (ODA/ODIF). ááááááED╔ i≤ thσ standardizeΣ methoΣ oµ computer-to-compute≥ exchangσ oµ ì áááááábusines≤ document≤ likσ purchasσ order≤ anΣ invoices« ED╔ replace≤ ì áááááápape≥ transaction≤ anΣ considerabl∙ shorten≤ thσ ordering¼ billing¼ ì ááááááand payment cycles in a variety of corporate environments. ááááááOD┴ provide≤ standardizeΣ compounΣ documen⌠ transfer¼ sucΦ a≤ ì ááááááintegrated text and graphics, and at a later stage, images. ááááááTransactioε processinτ service≤ i≤ thσ underlyinτ networkinτ ì áááááátechnolog∙ fo≥ ß widσ rangσ oµ servicσ industries« StandardizeΣ ì áááááátransactioε processinτ i≤ intendeΣ fo≥ usσ witΦ application≤ sucΦ ì ááááááa≤ automatiπ telle≥ machines¼ airlinσ reservation≤ systems¼ hote∞ ì ááááááreservations¼ anΣ ca≥ rentals¼ t∩ namσ jus⌠ ß fe≈ examples« Thσ ke∙ ì ááááááprotoco∞ i≤ thσ IS╧ OS╔ TP¼ supplementeΣ b∙ remotσ databasσ acces≤ ì áááááá(RDA)¼ remotσ procedurσ call≤ (RPC)¼ anΣ synchronizatioε service≤ ì áááááásuch as concurrent commit and recovery (CCR). ááááááThσ loca∞ areß networδ environmen⌠ wil∞ bσ enhanceΣ b∙ thσ ì ááááááimplementatioε oµ thσ distributeΣ computinτ environmen⌠ (DCE)¼ ì ááááááwherσ filσ services¼ director∙ services¼ anΣ securit∙ enabler≤ arσ ì ááááááthσ ke∙ components« Engineerinτ environment≤ iε particula≥ wil∞ ì áááááábenefit from the integrated technologies of DCE. .PA ááááááDistributed Management Services áááááá******* ááááááS21.GAL áááááá******* ..pictureA:\NETWORK\S21.GAL,65535,49151,7,44,13, ááááááManagemen⌠ caε bσ structureΣ int∩ threσ levels¼ dependinτ oε thσ ì áááááávie≈ oµ thσ network« Iε it≤ simples⌠ form¼ managemen⌠ consist≤ onl∙ ì ááááááoµ interconnectioε management¼ providinτ ß geographica∞ vie≈ oµ thσ ì áááááánetwork« Thσ seconΣ ste≡ add≤ thσ possibilit∙ oµ managinτ resource≤ ì ááááááoε thσ network« A⌠ thσ top¼ aε application≤ vie≈ add≤ managemen⌠ oµ ì ááááááthe interaction between applications across the network. ááááááFo≥ example¼ startinτ froφ thσ bottom╗ ß networkeΣ printe≥ fail≤ t∩ ì ááááááprin⌠ ß bil∞ oµ material¼ duσ t∩ ß failurσ iε thσ modeφ connection« ì ááááááInterconnec⌠ managemen⌠ detect≤ thσ faul⌠ anΣ set≤ ofµ aε alarm« ì ááááááInformatioε abou⌠ thσ faul⌠ i≤ passeΣ oε t∩ thσ system≤ managemen⌠ ì áááááálevel« Herσ thσ faul⌠ i≤ isolated¼ thσ outpu⌠ i≤ spooled¼ fo≥ ì ááááááexample, re-routed to a nearby printer. ááááááThσ application≤ managemen⌠ meanwhilσ inform≤ thσ manufacturinτ ì ááááááapplicatioε oµ thσ dela∙ iε datß delivery« Productioε i≤ sloweΣ ì áááááádowε iε anticipatioε oµ ne≈ data¼ thu≤ avoidinτ inventor∙ build-u≡ ì ááááááat an intermediary processing stage. ááááááEacΦ managemen⌠ leve∞ iε thi≤ mode∞ build≤ oε thσ previous¼ unti∞ ì ááááááapplication≤ finall∙ interac⌠ t∩ achievσ thσ desireΣ faul⌠ ì áááááácorrection, and restore normality to the network. .PA ááááááApplication Programming Interfaces áááááá******* ááááááS22.GAL áááááá******* ..pictureA:\NETWORK\S22.GAL,65535,49151,7,44,13, ááááááApplicatioε programminτ interface≤ shielΣ thσ applicatioε ì ááááááintegrato≥ froφ thσ intrinsic≤ oµ thσ underlyinτ software« API≤ ì ááááááals∩ allo≈ easie≥ portabilit∙ oµ applicatioε software¼ iµ ì áááááástandardized APIs are used. ááááááStartinτ iε 1989¼ H╨ introduceΣ servicσ specifiπ APIs¼ baseΣ oε ì ááááááagreement≤ amonτ vendor≤ anΣ users« Fo≥ example¼ X.40░ service≤ ì áááááácould be accessed through the vendor defined API-A. ááááááIε 1991¼ API≤ werσ madσ availablσ tha⌠ coulΣ acces≤ no⌠ onl∙ ì ááááááservices¼ bu⌠ als∩ intermediatσ layer≤ oµ thσ networδ protoco∞ ì áááááástack« Thesσ API≤ werσ typicall∙ par⌠ oµ thσ X/OPE╬ organization'≤ ì ááááááportabilit∙ guide≤ (XPGs)« Still¼ eacΦ API¼ whethe≥ designeΣ fo≥ ì ááááááservicσ acces≤ o≥ intermediatσ laye≥ access¼ wa≤ uniquel∙ designeΣ ì ááááááfor a particular service or protocol. ááááááThσ nex⌠ ste≡ i≤ t∩ introducσ ß unifieΣ acces≤ environment¼ ì áááááápermittinτ acces≤ t∩ an∙ servicσ o≥ intermediatσ layer¼ bu⌠ withou⌠ ì ááááááhavinτ t∩ specif∙ which« Thσ unifieΣ AP╔ wil∞ direc⌠ thσ commanΣ t∩ ì ááááááthe corresponding service or layer. áááááá┴ firs⌠ ste≡ iε thi≤ directioε i≤ markeΣ b∙ thσ X/AP¼ aε X/OPE╬ ì áááááádefineΣ AP╔ tha⌠ cover≤ multiplσ layer≤ oµ aε OS╔ protoco∞ stack« ì .PA ááááááHigh-Speed Networking áááááá******* ááááááS23.GAL áááááá******* ..pictureA:\NETWORK\S23.GAL,65535,49151,7,44,13, ááááááNetworkinτ technologie≤ caε bσ defineΣ b∙ thσ possiblσ throughpu⌠ ì ááááááoµ datß anΣ b∙ thσ latenc∙ oµ data« Throughpu⌠ i≤ typicall∙ ì áááááámeasureΣ iε MByte/s╗ latency¼ thσ timσ betweeε reques⌠ anΣ reply¼ ì ááááááis measured in ms. ááááááCurren⌠ networkinτ technolog∙ provide≤ widσ areß networkinτ ì áááááácapabilitie≤ witΦ sufficien⌠ throughpu⌠ fo≥ store-and-forwarΣ ì ááááááoperations« Approximatel∙ onσ tentΦ oµ aε MByte/≤ caε bσ ì áááááátransmitted, and the latency can be more than 1 second. ááááááExistinτ loca∞ areß network≤ providσ bette≥ throughput¼ anΣ bette≥ ì áááááálatency« Throughou⌠ caε bσ u≡ t∩ onσ Mbyte/≤ anΣ thσ latenc∙ dowε ì ááááááto 1 ms, adequate for most types of file transfer operations. ááááááFo≥ thσ future¼ thi≤ networkinτ environmen⌠ mus⌠ bσ enhanced« WAN≤ ì ááááááneeΣ t∩ handlσ throughpu⌠ speed≤ u≡ t∩ 10░ MBytes/s¼ witΦ ß latenc∙ ì ááááááoµ les≤ thaε ß second« LAN≤ neeΣ approximatel∙ thσ samσ throughpu⌠ ì ááááááspeeds, but with a latency coming down towards 0.1 ms. ááááááThesσ number≤ wil∞ allo≈ efficien⌠ communications¼ sucΦ a≤ datß ì áááááábasσ acces≤ ove≥ widσ areß networks¼ supportinτ thσ transactioε ì ááááááprocessinτ environment≤ oµ thσ future« Or¼ imaginτ anΣ animatioε ì áááááátaking place over high-speed local area networks. .PA ááááááSoftware Development Tools áááááá******* ááááááS24.GAL áááááá******* ..pictureA:\NETWORK\S24.GAL,65535,49151,7,44,13, ááááááApplication≤ integratioε iε aε open¼ cooperativσ computinτ ì ááááááenvironmen⌠ caε bσ ß majo≥ undertaking« Onσ wa∙ oµ reducinτ thσ ì ááááááamoun⌠ oµ worδ necessary¼ a≤ wel∞ a≤ allowinτ codσ t∩ becomσ ì ááááááre-usable¼ i≤ t∩ providσ ß trul∙ opeε developmen⌠ environment« H╨ ì ááááááprovide≤ ß STREAM╙ environmen⌠ fo≥ it≤ distributeΣ networkinτ ì áááááásoftware« STREAM╙ make≤ thσ networkinτ softwarσ completel∙ modular¼ ì ááááááand opens up the kernel software for application developers. ááááááThus¼ high-performancσ application≤ caε bσ linkeΣ directl∙ t∩ ì áááááákerne∞ software¼ anΣ thσ re-usablσ codσ caε drasticall∙ increasσ ì ááááááprogrammer productivity. ááááááH╨ als∩ provide≤ ß widσ rangσ oµ softwarσ developmen⌠ tools¼ ì ááááááoriginall∙ useΣ iε interna∞ developments¼ no≈ productizeΣ anΣ madσ ì ááááááavailablσ t∩ applicatioε developers« Thesσ tool≤ includσ ì ááááááfunctionalit∙ sucΦ a≤ tracinτ anΣ logging¼ auditing¼ performancσ ì áááááámonitoring, and version checking. ááááááIε addition¼ ß se⌠ oµ compute≥ baseΣ traininτ module≤ exist« Thesσ ì ááááááarσ provideΣ fo≥ self-paceΣ studying¼ allowinτ knowledgσ oµ ne≈ ì ááááááprotocol≤ anΣ ne≈ concept≤ t∩ becomσ rapidl∙ disseminateΣ ì ááááááthroughou⌠ aε organization« Somσ example≤ oµ thi≤ kinΣ oµ too∞ ì ááááááincludσ thσ H╨ OTS/900░ CB╘ anΣ thσ Introductioε t∩ X.50░ director∙ ì ááááááservices CBT. .PA ááááááSecurity Services áááááá******* ááááááS25.GAL áááááá******* ..picturea:\NETWORK\S25.GAL,65535,49151,7,44,13, ááááááToday¼ securit∙ i≤ primaril∙ ß concerε oµ thσ operatinτ system« ì ááááááGuideline≤ fo≥ operatinτ systeφ securit∙ i≤ defineΣ iε thσ s∩ ì áááááácalleΣ "Orangσ Book.ó Detail≤ oµ thi≤ typσ oµ securit∙ includes¼ ì áááááápasswords¼ dial-bacδ requests¼ anΣ simila≥ functions« ┴ hierarch∙ ì ááááááoµ securit∙ mechanism≤ arσ defineΣ iε threσ stages¼ C-¼ B-¼ anΣ A¡ ì ááááááleve∞ security¼ witΦ ┴ beinτ thσ mos⌠ secure« Militar∙ ì áááááárequirement≤ aside¼ C¡ anΣ B-leve∞ securit∙ arσ usuall∙ deemeΣ ì ááááááadequate. ááááááNetworδ securit∙ i≤ similarl∙ defineΣ b∙ thσ s∩ calleΣ "ReΣ Book"« ì ááááááThσ samσ leve∞ definition≤ apply¼ althougΦ networδ securit∙ includσ ì ááááááadditiona∞ functionalit∙ sucΦ a≤ traffiπ confidentiality¼ selectivσ ì áááááárouting of messages and the like. ááááááIε evolutionar∙ terms¼ curren⌠ H╨ networkinτ providσ C2-leve∞ ì áááááásecurity¼ analogou≤ witΦ thσ C▓ securit∙ leve∞ offereΣ b∙ thσ HP-U╪ ì ááááááoperatinτ system« A≤ oµ 199▓ H╨ wil∞ bσ offerinτ enhanceΣ securit∙ ì áááááámeasure≤ a≤ defineΣ b∙ thσ B1-leve∞ specifications« Additiona∞ ì áááááásecurity¼ a≤ defineΣ b∙ thσ Kerbero≤ specification≤ wil∞ bσ offereΣ ì áááááábeginning in 1993. ááááááThσ fina∞ ste≡ wil∞ brinτ H╨ networkinτ full∙ iε linσ witΦ thσ Opeε ì ááááááSystem≤ Foundatioε (OSF⌐ proposal≤ fo≥ C2/B▒ securit∙ oε thσ OSF/▒ ì áááááácompliant systems of the future. .PA ááááááSupport Services áááááá******* ááááááS26.GAL áááááá******* ..pictureA:\NETWORK\S26.GAL,65535,49151,7,44,13, ááááááH╨ ha≤ consistentl∙ beeε rankeΣ #▒ iε suppor⌠ b∙ Datapr∩ surveys« ì ááááááIε 1991¼ H╨ woε ß specia∞ meri⌠ awarΣ fo≥ servicσ anΣ suppor⌠ fo≥ ì áááááámidrangσ computers« Currentl∙ H╨ suppor⌠ service≤ handlσ ß ì áááááámultitude of tasks, grouped into five broad categories: ááááááplanninτ anΣ desigε oµ networkeΣ systems--pre-installation¼ ì áááááápreparations¼ multivendo≥ suppor⌠ oµ networkeΣ systems¼ on-goinτ ì áááááámaintenance, network operations support. .PA ááááááSummary áááááá******* ááááááS27.GAL áááááá******* ..pictureA:\NETWORK\S27.GAL,65535,49151,7,44,13, ááááááCooperativσ Computinτ ThrougΦ Opeε Systeφ i≤ ß widσ ranginτ ì ááááááconcept« Somσ ke∙ component≤ particularl∙ arσ wortΦ remembering¼ ì ááááááhowever. ááááááH╨ ha≤ severa∞ familie≤ oµ computers« Thesσ familie≤ providσ ß ì áááááárangσ oµ scalablσ hardwarσ platforms¼ froφ simplσ stand-alonσ ì áááááásystem≤ t∩ mainframe-clas≤ multiprocessinτ systems« Open¼ ì áááááácooperativσ computinτ technologie≤ arσ iε man∙ instance≤ commoε ì ááááááacross the range of these platforms. ááááááNetworδ flexibility¼ iε term≤ oµ moves¼ adds¼ anΣ changes¼ i≤ ì ááááááprovideΣ b∙ adherencσ t∩ ß consisten⌠ client/serve≥ architecture« ì ááááááMultivendo≥ interoperabilit∙ i≤ ensureΣ througΦ thσ usσ oµ standarΣ ì ááááááprotocols, de facto as well as de jure. ááááááApplication≤ developeΣ iε thi≤ environmen⌠ arσ easil∙ portablσ froφ ì ááááááonσ hardwarσ platforφ t∩ another¼ througΦ thσ usσ oµ common¼ ì áááááástandard application programming interfaces. ááááááMI╙ productivit∙ i≤ enhanceΣ b∙ thσ integratioε oµ networδ anΣ ì áááááásystem≤ managemen⌠ components¼ sucΦ a≤ performance¼ fault¼ ì ááááááconfiguration¼ softwarσ distribution¼ accounting¼ anΣ billinτ ì ááááááservices, all under the HP OpenView umbrella. ááááááIε addition¼ H╨ provide≤ ß widσ rangσ oµ leading-edgσ suppor⌠ anΣ ì áááááádevelopmen⌠ tools¼ anΣ ha≤ consistentl∙ beeε rankeΣ #▒ fo≥ it≤ ì ááááááworldwide support organization. .PA